# Multiply and Divide Fractions

## 4.2 Multiply and Divide Fractions

The topics covered in this section are:

## 4.2.1 Simplify Fractions

In working with equivalent fractions, you saw that there are many ways to write fractions that have the same value, or represent the same part of the whole. How do you know which one to use? Often, we’ll use the fraction that is in simplified form.

A fraction is considered simplified if there are no common factors, other than $1$, in the numerator and denominator. If a fraction does have common factors in the numerator and denominator, we can reduce the fraction to its simplified form by removing the common factors.

### SIMPLIFIED FRACTION

A fraction is considered simplified if there are no common factors in the numerator and denominator.

For example,

• $\frac{2}{3}$ is simplified because there are no common factors of $2$ and $3$.
• $\frac{10}{15}$ is not simplified because $5$ is a common factor of $10$ and $15$.

The process of simplifying a fraction is often called reducing the fraction. In the previous section, we used the Equivalent Fractions Property to find equivalent fractions. We can also use the Equivalent Fractions Property in reverse to simplify fractions. We rewrite the property to show both forms together.

### EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS PROPERTY

If $a,b,c$ are numbers where $b \neq 0, c \neq 0$, then

$\frac{a}{b} = \frac{a \cdot c}{b \cdot c}$ and $\frac{a \cdot c}{b \cdot c} = \frac{a}{b}$.

Notice that $c$ is a common factor in the numerator and denominator. Anytime we have a common factor in the numerator and denominator, it can be removed.

### HOW TO: Simplify a fraction.

1. Rewrite the numerator and denominator to show the common factors. If needed, factor the numerator and denominator into prime numbers.
2. Simplify, using the equivalent fractions property, by removing common factors.
3. Multiply any remaining factors.

#### Example 1

Simplify: $\frac{10}{15}$.

Solution

To simplify the fraction, we look for any common factors in the numerator and the denominator.

To simplify a negative fraction, we use the same process as in Example 1. Remember to keep the negative sign.

#### Example 2

Simplify: $- \frac{18}{24}$.

Solution

After simplifying a fraction, it is always important to check the result to make sure that the numerator and denominator do not have any more factors in common. Remember, the definition of a simplified fraction: a fraction is considered simplified if there are no common factors in the numerator and denominator.

When we simplify an improper fraction, there is no need to change it to a mixed number.

#### Example 3

Simplify: $- \frac{56}{32}$.

Solution

### HOW TO: Simplify a fraction.

1. Rewrite the numerator and denominator to show the common factors. If needed, factor the numerator and denominator into prime numbers.
2. Simplify, using the equivalent fractions property, by removing common factors.
3. Multiply any remaining factors.

Sometimes it may not be easy to find common factors of the numerator and denominator. A good idea, then, is to factor the numerator and the denominator into prime numbers. (You may want to use the factor tree method to identify the prime factors.) Then divide out the common factors using the Equivalent Fractions Property.

#### Example 4

Simplify: $\frac{210}{385}$.

Solution

We can also simplify fractions containing variables. If a variable is a common factor in the numerator and denominator, we remove it just as we do with an integer factor.

#### Example 5

Simplify: $\frac{5xy}{15x}$.

Solution

## 4.2.2 Multiply Fractions

A model may help you understand multiplication of fractions. We will use fraction tiles to model $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3}{4}$. To multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\frac{3}{4}$, think $\frac{1}{2}$ of $\frac{3}{4}$.

Start with fraction tiles for three-fourths. To find one-half of three-fourths, we need to divide them into two equal groups. Since we cannot divide the three $\frac{1}{4}$ tiles evenly into two parts, we exchange them for smaller tiles.

We see $\frac{6}{8}$ is equivalent to $\frac{3}{4}$. Taking half of the six $\frac{1}{8}$ tiles gives us three $\frac{1}{8}$ tiles, which is $\frac{3}{8}$.

Therefore,

$\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3}{4} = \frac{3}{8}$

#### Example 6

Us a diagram to model $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3}{4}$.

Solution

First shade in $\frac{3}{4}$ of the rectangle.

We will take $\frac{1}{2}$ of this $\frac{3}{4}$, so we heavily shade $\frac{1}{2}$ of the shaded region.

Notice that $3$ out of the $8$ pieces are heavily shaded. This means that $\frac{3}{8}$ of the rectangle is heavily shaded.

Therefore, $\frac{1}{2}$ of $\frac{3}{4}$ is $\frac{3}{8}$, or $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3}{4} = \frac{3}{8}$

Look at the result we got from the model in Example 6. We found that $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3}{4} = \frac{3}{8}$. Do you notice that we could have gotten the same answer by multiplying the numerators and multiplying the denominators?

This leads to the definition of fraction multiplication. To multiply fractions, we multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators. Then we write the fraction in simplified form.

### FRACTION MULTIPLICATION

If $a,b,c$, and $d$ are numbers where $b \neq 0$, then

$\frac{a}{b} \cdot \frac{c}{d} = \frac{ac}{bd}$

#### Example 7

Multiply, and write the answer is simplified form: $\frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{5}$.

Solution

There are no common factors, so the fraction is simplified.

When multiplying fractions, the properties of positive and negative numbers still apply. It is a good idea to determine the sign of the product as the first step. In Example 8 we will multiply two negatives, so the product will be positive.

#### Example 8

Multiply, and write the answer is simplified form: $- \frac{5}{8} (- \frac{2}{3})$.

Solution

Another way to find this product involves removing common factors earlier.

We get the same result.

#### Example 9

Multiply, and write the answer is simplified form: $- \frac{14}{15} \cdot \frac{20}{21}$.

Solution

When multiplying a fraction by an integer, it may be helpful to write the integer as a fraction. Any integer, $a$, can be written as $\frac{a}{1}$. So, $3 = \frac{3}{1}$, for example.

#### Example 10

Multiply, and write the answer in simplified form:

1. $\frac{1}{7} \cdot 56$
2. $\frac{12}{5} (-20x)$
Solution

## 4.2.3 Find Reciprocals

The fractions $\frac{2}{3}$ and $\frac{3}{2}$ are related to each other in a special way. So are $- \frac{10}{7}$ and $- \frac{7}{10}$. Do you see how? Besides looking like upside-down versions of one another, if we were to multiply these pairs of fractions, the product would be $1$.

$\frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{3}{2} = 1$ and $- \frac{10}{7} (- \frac{7}{10} ) = 1$

Such pairs of numbers are called reciprocals.

### RECIPROCAL

The reciprocal of the fraction $\frac{a}{b}$ is $\frac{b}{a}$, where $a \neq 0$ and $b \neq 0$,

A number and its reciprocal have a product of $1$.

$\frac{a}{b} \cdot \frac{b}{a} = 1$

To find the reciprocal of a fraction, we invert the fraction. This means that we place the numerator in the denominator and the denominator in the numerator.

To get a positive result when multiplying two numbers, the numbers must have the same sign. So reciprocals must have the same sign.

To find the reciprocal, keep the same sign and invert the fraction. The number zero does not have a reciprocal. Why? A number and its reciprocal multiply to $1$. Is there any number $r$ so that $0 \cdot r = 1$? No. So, the number $0$ does not have a reciprocal.

#### Example 11

Find the reciprocal of each number. Then check that the product of each number and its reciprocal is $1$.

1. $\frac{4}{9}$
2. $- \frac{1}{6}$
3. $- \frac{14}{5}$
4. $7$
Solution

To find the reciprocals, we keep the sign and invert the fractions.

In a previous chapter, we worked with opposites and absolute values. The table below compares opposites, absolute values, and reciprocals.

#### Example 12

Fill in the chard for each fraction in the left column:

Solution

To find the opposite, change the sign. To find the absolute value, leave the positive numbers the same, but take the opposite of the negative numbers. To find the reciprocal, keep the sign the same and invert the fraction.

## 4.2.4 Divide Fractions

Why is $12 \div 3 = 4$? We previously modeled this with counters. How many groups of $3$ counters can be made from a group of $12$ counters?

There are $4$ groups of $3$ counters. In other words, there are four $3$’s in $12$. So, $12 \div 3 = 4$.

What about dividing fractions? Suppose we want to find the quotient: $\frac{1}{2} \div \frac{1}{6}$. We need to figure out how many $\frac{1}{6}$s there are in $\frac{1}{2}$. We can use fraction tiles to model this division. We start by lining up the half and sixth fraction tiles as shown in the figure below. Notice, htere are three $\frac{1}{6}$ tiles in $\frac{1}{2}$, so $\frac{1}{2} \div \frac{1}{6} = 3$.

#### Example 13

Model: $\frac{1}{4} \div \frac{1}{8}$.

Solution

We want to determine how many $\frac{1}{8}$s are in $\frac{1}{4}$. Start with one $\frac{1}{4}$ tile. Line up $\frac{1}{8}$ tiles underneath the $\frac{1}{4}$ tile.

There are two $\frac{1}{8}$s in $\frac{1}{4}$.

So, $\frac{1}{4} \div \frac{1}{8} = 2$.

#### Example 14

Model: $2 \div \frac{1}{4}$.

Solution

We are trying to determine how many $\frac{1}{4}$s there are in $2$. We can model this as shown.

Because there are eight $\frac{1}{4}$s in $2$, $2 \div \frac{1}{4} = 8$.

Let’s use money to model $2 \div \frac{1}{4}$ in another way. We often read $\frac{1}{4}$ as a ‘quarter’, and we know that a quarter is one-fourth of a dollar as shown in the figure below. So w can think of $2 \div \frac{1}{4}$ as, “How many quarters are there in two dollars?” One dollar is $4$ quarters, so $2$ dollars would be $8$ quarters. So again, $2 \div \frac{1}{4} = 8$.

Using fraction tiles, we showed that $\frac{1}{2} \div \frac{1}{6} = 3$. Notice that $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{6}{1} = 3$ also. How are $\frac{1}{6}$ and $\frac{6}{1}$ related? They are reciprocals. This leads us to the procedure for fraction division.

### FRACTION DIVISION

If $a, b, c$, and $d$ are numbers where $b \neq 0 , c \neq 0$, and $d \neq 0$, then

$\frac{a}{b} \div \frac{c}{d} = \frac{a}{b} \cdot \frac{d}{c}$

To divide fractions, multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second.

We need to say $b \neq 0 , c \neq 0$, and $d \neq 0$ to be sure we don’t divide by zero.

#### Example 15

Divide, and write the answer in simplified form: $\frac{2}{5} \div (- \frac{3}{7} )$.

Solution

#### Example 16

Divide, and write the answer in simplified form: $\frac{2}{3} \div (\frac{n}{5} )$.

Solution

#### Example 17

Divide, and write the answer in simplified form: $- \frac{3}{4} \div (- \frac{7}{8} )$.

Solution

#### Example 18

Divide, and write the answer in simplified form: $\frac{7}{18} \div (\frac{14}{27} )$.

Solution