7.5 Systems of Measurement

The topics covered in this section are:

1. Make unit conversions in the U.S. system
2. Use mixed units of measurement in the U.S. system
3. Make unit conversions in the metric system
4. Use mixed units of measurement in the metric system
5. Convert between the U.S. and the metric systems of measurement
6. Convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures

In this section we will see how to convert among different types of units, such as feet to miles or kilograms to pounds. The basic idea in all of the unit conversions will be to use a form of 1,1, the multiplicative identity, to change the units but not the value of a quantity.

7.5.1 Make Unit Conversions in the U.S. System

There are two systems of measurement commonly used around the world. Most countries use the metric system. The United States uses a different system of measurement, usually called the U.S. system. We will look at the U.S. system first.

The U.S. system of measurement uses units of inch, foot, yard, and mile to measure length and pound and ton to measure weight. For capacity, the units used are cup, pint, quart and gallons. Both the U.S. system and the metric system measure time in seconds, minutes, or hours.

The equivalencies among the basic units of the U.S. system of measurement are listed in Table 7.2. The table also shows, in parentheses, the common abbreviations for each measurement.

U.S. System Units
Length	Volume
$1$ foot (ft) $=$ $12$ inches (in) $1$ yard (yd) $=$ $3$ feet (ft) $1$ mile (mi) $=$ $5280$ feet (ft)	$3$ teaspoons (t) $=$ $1$ tablespoon (T) $16$ Tablespoons (T) $=$ $1$ cup (C) $1$ cup (C) $=$ $8$ fluid ounces (fl oz) $1$ pint (pt) $=$ $2$ cups (C) $1$ quart (qt) $=$ $2$ pints (pt) $1$ gallon (gal) $=$ $4$ quarts (qt)
Weight	Time
$1$ pound (lb) $=$ $16$ ounces (oz) $1$ ton $=$ $2000$ pounds (lb)	$1$ minute (min) $=$ $60$ seconds (s) $1$ hour (h) $=$ $60$ minutes (min) $1$ day $=$ $24$ hours (h) $1$ week (wk) $=$ $7$ days $1$ year (yr) $=$ $365$ days
Table 7.2

In many real-life applications, we need to convert between units of measurement. We will use the identity property of multiplication to do these conversions. We’ll restate the Identity Property of Multiplication here for easy reference.

For any real number $a,$ $a \cdot 1 = a$ and $1 \cdot a = a$

To use the identity property of multiplication, we write $1$ in a form that will help us convert the units. For example, suppose we want to convert inches to feet. We know that $1$ foot is equal to $12$ inches, so we can write $1$ as the fraction $\frac{1 \ \mathrm{ft}}{12 \ \mathrm{in}}$. When we multiply by this fraction, we do not change the value but just change the units.

But $\frac{12 \ \mathrm{in}}{1 \ \mathrm{ft}}$ also equals $1$. How do we decide whether to multiply by $\frac{1 \ \mathrm{ft}}{12 \ \mathrm{in}}$ or $\frac{12 \ \mathrm{in}}{1 \ \mathrm{ft}}$? We choose the fraction that will make the units we want to convert from divide out. For example, suppose we wanted to convert $60$ inches to feet. If we choose the fraction that has inches in the denominator, we can eliminate the inches.

$\large 60 \ \cancel{\mathrm{in}} \cdot \frac{1 \ \mathrm{ft}}{12 \cancel{\mathrm{in}}} = 5 \mathrm{ft}$

On the other hand, if we wanted to convert $5$ feet to inches, we would choose the fraction that has feet in the denominator.

$\large 5 \ \cancel{\mathrm{ft}} \cdot \frac{12 \ \mathrm{in}}{1 \ \cancel{\mathrm{ft}}} = 60 \ \mathrm{in}$

We treat the unit words like factors and ‘divide out’ common units like we do common factors.

HOW TO: Make unit conversions.

1. Multiply the measurement to be converted by $1$; write $1$ as a fraction relating the units given and the units needed.
2. Multiply.
3. Simplify the fraction, performing the indicated operations and removing the common units.

Example 1

Mary Anne is $66$ inches tall. What is her height in feet?

When we use the Identity Property of Multiplication to convert units, we need to make sure the units we want to change from will divide out. Usually this means we want the conversion fraction to have those units in the denominator.

Example 2

Ndula, an elephant at the San Diego Safari Park, weighs almost $3.2$ tons. Convert her weight to pounds.

Sometimes to convert from one unit to another, we may need to use several other units in between, so we will need to multiply several fractions.

Example 3

Juliet is going with her family to their summer home. She will be away for $9$ weeks. Convert the time to minutes.

Example 4

How many fluid ounces are in $1$ gallon of milk?

7.5.2 Use Mixed Units of Measurement in the U.S. System

Performing arithmetic operations on measurements with mixed units of measures requires care. Be sure to add or subtract like units.

Example 5

Charlie bought three steaks for a barbecue. Their weights were $14$ ounces, $1$ pound $2$ ounces, and $1$ pound $6$ ounces. How many total pounds of steak did he buy?

Example 6

Anthony bought four planks of wood that were each $6$ feet $4$ inches long. If the four planks are placed end-to-end, what is the total length of the wood?

7.5.3 Make Unit Conversions in the Metric System

In the metric system, units are related by powers of $1$. The root words of their names reflect this relation. For example, the basic unit for measuring length is a meter. One kilometer is $1000$ meters; the prefix kilo- means thousand. One centimeter is $\frac{1}{100}$ of a meter, because the prefix centi- means one one-hundredth (just like one cent is $\frac{1}{100}$ of one dollar).

The equivalencies of measurements in the metric system are shown in Table 7.3. The common abbreviations for each measurement are given in parentheses.

Metric Measurements
Length	Mass	Volume/Capacity
$1$ kilometer (km) $=$ $1000$ m $1$ hectometer (hm) $=$ $100$ m $1$ dekameter (dam) $=$ $10$ m $1$ meter (m) $=$ $1$ m $1$ decimeter (dm) $=$ $0.1$ m $1$ centimeter (cm) $=$ $0.01$ m $1$ millimeter (mm) $=$ $0.01$ m	$1$ kilogram (kg) $=$ $1000$ g $1$ hectogram (hg) $=$ $100$ g $1$ dekagram (dag) $=$ $10$ g $1$ gram (g) $=$ $1$ g $1$ decigram (dg) $=$ $0.1$ g $1$ centigram (cg) $=$ $0.01$ g $1$ milligram (mg) $=$ $0.001$ g	$1$ kiloliter (kL) $=$ $1000$ L $1$ hectoliter (hL) $=$ $100$ L $1$ dekaliter (daL) $=$ $10$ L $1$ liter (L) $=$ $1$ L $1$ deciliter (dL) $=$ $0.1$ L $1$ centiliter (cL) $=$ $0.01$ L $1$ milliliter (mL) $=$ $0.01$ L
$1$ meter $=$ $100$ centimeters $1$ meter $=$ $1000$ millimeters	$1$ gram $=$ $100$ centigrams $1$ gram $=$ $1000$ milligrams	$1$ liter $=$ $100$ centiliters $1$ liter $=$ $1000$ milliliters
Table 7.3

To make conversions in the metric system, we will use the same technique we did in the U.S. system. Using the identity property of multiplication, we will multiply by a conversion factor of one to get to the correct units.

Have you ever run a $5$k or $10$k race? The lengths of those races are measured in kilometers. The metric system is commonly used in the United States when talking about the length of a race.

Example 7

Nick ran a $10$-kilometer race. How many meters did he run?

Example 8

Eleanor’s newborn baby weighed $3200$ grams. How many kilograms did the baby weigh?

Since the metric system is based on multiples of ten, conversions involve multiplying by multiples of ten. In Decimal Operations, we learned how to simplify these calculations by just moving the decimal.

To multiply by $10, 100,$ or $1000,$, we move the decimal to the right $1, 2,$ or $3$ places, respectively. To multiply by $0.1, 0.01,$ or $0.001$ we move the decimal to the left $1, 2,$ or $3$ places respectively.

We can apply this pattern when we make measurement conversions in the metric system.

In Example 8, we changed $3200$ grams to kilograms by multiplying by $\frac{1}{1000}$ (or $0.001$). This is the same as moving the decimal $3$ places to the left.

Example 9

Convert:

• $350$ liters to kiloliters
• $4.1$ liters to milliters.

7.5.4 Use Mixed Units of Measurement in the Metric System

Performing arithmetic operations on measurements with mixed units of measures in the metric system requires the same care we used in the U.S. system. But it may be easier because of the relation of the units to the powers of $10$. We still must make sure to add or subtract like units.

Example 10

Ryland is $1.6$ meters tall. His younger brother is $85$ centimeters tall. How much taller is Ryland than his younger brother?

Example 11

Dena’s recipe for lentil soup calls for $150$ milliliters of olive oil. Dena wants to triple the recipe. How many liters of olive oil will she need?

7.5.5 Convert Between U.S. and Metric Systems of Measurement

Many measurements in the United States are made in metric units. A drink may come in $2$-liter bottles, calcium may come in $500$-mg capsules, and we may run a $5$-K race. To work easily in both systems, we need to be able to convert between the two systems.

Table 7.4 shows some of the most common conversions.

Conversion Factors Between U.S. and Metric Systems
Length	Weight	Volume
$1$ in $=$ $2.54$ cm $1$ ft $=$ $0.305$ m $1$ yd $=$ $0.914$ m $1$ mi $=$ $1.61$ km $1$ m $=$ $3.28$ ft	$1$ lb $=$ $0.45$ kg $1$ oz $=$ $28$ g $1$ kg $=$ $2.2$ lb	$1$ qt $=$ $0.95$ L $1$ fl oz $=$ $30$ mL $1$ L $=$ $1.06$ qt
Table 7.4

We make conversions between the systems just as we do within the systems—by multiplying by unit conversion factors.

Example 12

Lee’s water bottle holds $500$ mL of water. How many fluid ounces are in the bottle? Round to the nearest tenth of an ounce.

The conversion factors in Table 7.4 are not exact, but the approximations they give are close enough for everyday purposes. In Example 12, we rounded the number of fluid ounces to the nearest tenth.

Example 13

Soleil lives in Minnesota but often travels in Canada for work. While driving on a Canadian highway, she passes a sign that says the next rest stop is in $100$ kilometers. How many miles until the next rest stop? Round your answer to the nearest mile.

7.5.6 Convert Between Fahrenheit and Celsius Temperatures

Have you ever been in a foreign country and heard the weather forecast? If the forecast is for $22^{\circ} C$. What does that mean?

The U.S. and metric systems use different scales to measure temperature. The U.S. system uses degrees Fahrenheit, written $^{\circ} F$. The metric system uses degrees Celsius, written $^{\circ} C$. Figure 7.9 shows the relationship between the two systems.

If we know the temperature in one system, we can use a formula to convert it to the other system.

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION

To convert from Fahrenheit temperature, $F$, to Celsius temperature, $C$, use the formula

$\large C= \frac{5}{9} (F-32)$

To convert from Celsius temperature, $C$, to Fahrenheit temperature, $F$, use the formula

$\large F= \frac{9}{5} C +32$

Example 14

Convert $50^{\circ} F$ into degrees Celsius.

Example 15

The weather forcast for Paris predicts a high of $20^{\circ} C$. Convert the temperature into degrees Fahrenheit.